Local Health Service Response to COVID-19 in Mexico: Notes From an Exploratory Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: The main goal of a health system is to maintain or improve people's health. The COVID-19 pandemic showed the fragility of health systems worldwide. In Mexico, the pandemic affected the performance of the health system, along with the presence of contextual conditions such as its segmentation and high prevalence of chronic diseases. AIMS: To analyze from an approach to the functions of the health system, the service delivery, human resources, financing, and stewardship/governance in the local health services of five states of Mexico, from the perspective of the staff working in health centers. METHODS: This is an exploratory qualitative study conducted from November 2020 to August 2021, involving 124 health professionals from 39 health facilities (18 rural and 21 urban). The technique used was the semi-structured interview. Interview guides were developed according to core topics. Subsequently, the thematic analysis method was used. RESULTS: The lack of financial resources delayed prevention efforts and made it difficult for health centers to adapt to the crisis. Inequity was found in the distributive efficiency of staff between rural and urban areas and levels of care. In addition, there was evidence of capacity for coordination, capacity sharing, and joint participation between health institutions, civil authorities, and the population to face the emergency. CONCLUSIONS: We identified relevant public health actions that showed the capacity of local health services to organize a response to the pandemic at the level of the actors responsible for these services.

Trabajadoras comunitarias de salud: experiencias en el abordaje de la salud mental en zonas rurales de Chiapas.

OBJETIVO: Analizar, desde la perspectiva de las trabajadoras comunitarias de salud (TCS), los conocimientos y experiencias en la atención de la salud mental (SM) en comunidades rurales de Chiapas. Material y métodos. Se utilizó el enfoque fenomenológico descriptivo. Se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a TCS, las cuales fueron audiograbadas, transcritas, codificadas y analizadas utilizando como técnica, el análisis cualitativo de contenido con ayuda del software Atlas ti. RESULTADOS: Las TCS mental tienen una amplia comprensión de la cultura, el lenguaje y los problemas de sus comunidades, permitiéndoles fungir como enlace entre los servicios de salud y la población. Identifican que hay buena SM cuando "una persona tiene ánimo de realizar su trabajo diario" y enfermedad cuando "las personas sufren o tienen pensamientos chuecos". Sus experiencias de trabajo están ligadas con el acompañamiento individual (psico-educación) y el apoyo de actividades realizadas por profesionales de Compañeros En Salud (CES). Conclusión. Las TCS mental que trabajan con CES desarrollan un papel importante en la promoción de la SM, de riesgos y acompañamiento de pacientes con trastornos mentales. Estos hallazgos consolidan la evidencia e importancia del desarrollo de las intervenciones comunitarias en SM a través de este personal, en contextos de escasa disponibilidad de servicios de salud.

COVID-19 Disruption To Routine Health Care Services: How 8 Latin American And Caribbean Countries Responded.

Latin America and the Caribbean was one of the regions hardest hit globally by SARS-CoV-2. This qualitative exploratory study examined how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the delivery of routine health services from the perspective of health care system decision makers and managers. Between May and December 2022, we conducted forty-two semistructured interviews with decision makers from ministries of health and health care managers with responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. On the basis of these interviews, we identified themes in three domains: impacts on the provision of routine health services, including postponed and forgone primary care and hospital services; barriers to maintaining routine health services due to preexisting structural health care system weaknesses and difficulties attributed to the pandemic; and innovative strategies to sustain and recover services such as public-private financing and coordination, telemedicine, and new roles for primary care. In the short term, policy efforts should focus on recovering postponed services, including those for noncommunicable diseases. Medium- and long-term health care system reforms should strengthen primary care and address structural issues, such as fragmentation, to promote more resilient health care systems.

Design and validation of indicators for the comprehensive measurement of quality of care for type 2 diabetes and acute respiratory infections in ambulatory health services.

Developing ambulatory health services (AHS) of optimal quality is a pending issue for many health systems at a global level, especially in middle- and low-income countries. An effective health response requires indicators to measure the quality of care that are context-specific and feasible for routine monitoring. This paper aimed to design and validate indicators for assessing the technical and interpersonal quality dimensions for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and acute respiratory infections (ARI) care in AHS. The study was conducted in two stages. First, technical and user-centered-based indicators of quality of care for T2D and ARI care were designed following international recommendations, mainly from the American Diabetes Association standards and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. We then assessed the validity, reliability, relevance, and feasibility of the proposed indicators implementing the modified Delphi technique. A panel of 17 medical experts from five countries scored the indicators using two electronic questionnaires, one for each reason for consultation selected, sent by email in two sequential rounds of rating. We defined the levels of consensus according to the overall median for each performance category, which was established as the threshold. Selected indicators included those with scores equal to or higher than the threshold. We designed 36 T2D indicators, of which 16 were validated for measuring the detection of risks and complications, glycemic control, pharmacological treatment, and patient-centered care. Out of the 22 indicators designed for ARI, we validated 10 for diagnosis, appropriate prescription of antimicrobials, and patient-centered care. The validated indicators showed consistency for the dimensions analyzed. Hence, they proved to be a potentially reliable and valuable tool for monitoring the performance of the various T2D and ARI care processes in AHS. Further research will be needed to verify the applicability of the validated indicators in routine clinical practice.

[Exploring facilitators and barriers to implementing expanded nursing roles in MexicoEstudo de facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem no México]. / Exploración de facilitadores y barreras para implementar los roles ampliados de enfermería en México.

Objective: To explore the perceptions of nursing professionals regarding facilitators and barriers to the implementation of expanded nursing functions in a state in central Mexico. Methods: Qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. During 2022, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three types of informants: a) head nurses at state-level facilities; b) head nurses at local-level facilities; and c) heads of health units and operational nursing staff who have direct contact with patients. Results: The following facilitators were identified: willingness to adopt the strategy (seen as favorable by managers and acceptable by nursing staff); reorganization of functions (simplification of processes and analysis of the situation of health units); access to training; and characteristics of nursing staff (professionalization, work experience, and favorable attitude). Barriers included: conditions at the first level of care (personnel shortages, too many administrative activities, lack of physical space, materials, supplies, and consumables), resistance to change (professional jealousy of other disciplines and duplication of tasks), staff salaries, lack of training, not trusted with expanded duties, and attitude of patients (resistance to nursing care). Conclusions: By understanding the perceptions of nursing professionals, we can identify key elements for the successful expansion of nursing functions through expansion of the competencies of operational staff. Reorganization and proper management at different levels of decision-making will be necessary.

Objetivo: Explorar as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem em um estado do México. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo descritivo com abordagem fenomenológica. Em 2022, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com três tipos de informantes: a) chefes estaduais de enfermagem; b) chefes jurisdicionais de enfermagem; e c) chefes de unidades de saúde e profissionais de enfermagem que fazem atendimento direto aos pacientes. Resultados: Os seguintes facilitadores foram identificados: disposição para adotar a estratégia (atitude favorável dos gerentes e aceitação da equipe de enfermagem), reorganização das funções (simplificação dos processos e análise da situação das unidades de saúde) e acesso a capacitação e características da equipe de enfermagem (profissionalização, experiência de trabalho e atitude favorável). As barreiras encontradas incluem: contexto do primeiro nível de atenção (falta de pessoal, excesso de atividades administrativas, falta de espaço físico, falta de materiais, insumos e consumíveis), resistência à mudança (zelo profissional de outras disciplinas e duplicação de tarefas), salários do pessoal, falta de atualização, pouca confiança na expansão das funções e atitude dos pacientes (resistência ao atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusões: Entender as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem permite a identificação de elementos-chave para a expansão bem-sucedida das funções de enfermagem por meio da expansão das competências de trabalho dos profissionais que atendem pacientes; serão necessários reorganização e gerenciamento adequado nos diferentes níveis de tomada de decisão.

Exploración de facilitadores y barreras para implementar los roles ampliados de enfermería en México / Exploring facilitators and barriers to implementing expanded nursing roles in Mexico / Estudo de facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem no México

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Explorar la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería respecto a los facilitadores y las barreras para la implementación de funciones ampliadas de enfermería en una entidad federativa de México. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico. Durante el 2022 se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres tipos de informantes: a) jefaturas estatales de enfermería, b) jefaturas jurisdiccionales de enfermería, y c) jefaturas de unidad de salud y personal de enfermería operativo (atención directa a pacientes). Resultados. Se identificaron los siguientes facilitadores: disposición de adopción de la estrategia (postura favorable de directivos y aceptabilidad del personal de enfermería), reorganización de funciones (simplificación de procesos y análisis de la situación de unidades de salud) y acceso a la capacitación y características del personal de enfermería (profesionalización, experiencia laboral y actitud favorable). Entre las barreras se encontraron: contexto del primer nivel de atención (falta de personal, exceso de actividades administrativas, falta de espacio físico, carencia de material, insumos y consumibles), resistencia al cambio (celo profesional por otras disciplinas y duplicidad de tareas), salarios del personal, falta de actualización, poca confianza para el incremento de funciones y actitud de los pacientes (resistencia a la atención por enfermería). Conclusiones. Comprender la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería permite identificar elementos clave para la ampliación exitosa de las funciones de enfermería a partir de la expansión de competencias laborales del personal operativo; será necesaria una reorganización y una gestión adecuada en los diferentes niveles de toma de decisiones.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To explore the perceptions of nursing professionals regarding facilitators and barriers to the imple- mentation of expanded nursing functions in a state in central Mexico. Methods. Qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. During 2022, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three types of informants: a) head nurses at state-level facilities; b) head nurses at local-level facilities; and c) heads of health units and operational nursing staff who have direct contact with patients. Results. The following facilitators were identified: willingness to adopt the strategy (seen as favorable by managers and acceptable by nursing staff); reorganization of functions (simplification of processes and analy- sis of the situation of health units); access to training; and characteristics of nursing staff (professionalization, work experience, and favorable attitude). Barriers included: conditions at the first level of care (personnel shortages, too many administrative activities, lack of physical space, materials, supplies, and consumables), resistance to change (professional jealousy of other disciplines and duplication of tasks), staff salaries, lack of training, not trusted with expanded duties, and attitude of patients (resistance to nursing care). Conclusions. By understanding the perceptions of nursing professionals, we can identify key elements for the successful expansion of nursing functions through expansion of the competencies of operational staff. Reorganization and proper management at different levels of decision-making will be necessary.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Explorar as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem em um estado do México. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo descritivo com abordagem fenomenológica. Em 2022, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com três tipos de informantes: a) chefes estaduais de enfermagem; b) chefes jurisdicionais de enfermagem; e c) chefes de unidades de saúde e profissionais de enfermagem que fazem atendimento direto aos pacientes. Resultados. Os seguintes facilitadores foram identificados: disposição para adotar a estratégia (atitude favo- rável dos gerentes e aceitação da equipe de enfermagem), reorganização das funções (simplificação dos processos e análise da situação das unidades de saúde) e acesso a capacitação e características da equipe de enfermagem (profissionalização, experiência de trabalho e atitude favorável). As barreiras encontradas incluem: contexto do primeiro nível de atenção (falta de pessoal, excesso de atividades administrativas, falta de espaço físico, falta de materiais, insumos e consumíveis), resistência à mudança (zelo profissional de outras disciplinas e duplicação de tarefas), salários do pessoal, falta de atualização, pouca confiança na expansão das funções e atitude dos pacientes (resistência ao atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusões. Entender as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem permite a identificação de ele- mentos-chave para a expansão bem-sucedida das funções de enfermagem por meio da expansão das competências de trabalho dos profissionais que atendem pacientes; serão necessários reorganização e gerenciamento adequado nos diferentes níveis de tomada de decisão.

Multimorbidity, Functionality, Socioeconomic and Behavioral Conditions Linked with Mortality in a Cohort of Adults: A Latent Class Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Aging and multimorbidity (MM) are not enough to explain patient heterogeneity and outcomes. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of multimorbidity patterns and indicators of socioeconomic, behavioral, and functional dimensions on the risk of death in a cohort of people ≥50 years old. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 7,342 persons ≥50 years old from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), stratified by age groups (50-64, 65-84, ≥85 years old). MM was defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic diseases (CDs), and additional analysis included functional, socioeconomic, and behavioral indicators. Prevalence was estimated using descriptive analysis. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify MM patterns, and logistic regression models were performed to estimate the risk of death at two and 18 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The most prevalent conditions were chronic pain, depression, and hypertension, with 60% of the subjects exhibiting MM at the initial evaluation. In all three age groups, indicators of the functional dimension were identified as risk factors for death. Economic precariousness was an additional risk factor in the 65-84 age group while living without a partner was an added risk factor in the ≥85 age group. For the 50-64 age group, "poor" self-perception of health and lack of physical exercise were identified as long-term risk factors for death. CONCLUSION: MM is a complex phenomenon that requires the implementation of age-specific care models. Health, socioeconomic and behavioral conditions should be considered to mitigate the risk of premature death.

Correction: Martínez-Valverde et al. Health Needs Assessment: Chronic Kidney Disease Secondary to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Population without Social Security, Mexico 2016-2032. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9010.

In the original publication [...].

Psychometric Properties of the Access of Older Adults to Outpatient Primary-Care Health Services Scale.

This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Access of Older Adults to Outpatient Primary-Care Health Services Scale (AOAOPHSS), in research conducted among 707 Mexican older adults selected by convenience from 14 rural and one urban locations. The AOAOPHSS explores 10 dimensions of two integrated subscales: Accessibility and Personal Abilities. Data analysis was performed in five phases. First, potentially biased responses were identified. Second, the response efficiency of the items and their association with external variables were evaluated. Third, the basic properties of the scores for the subscales' dimensions of the AOAOPHSS were identified using non-parametric Mokken Scaling Analysis (MSA). Fourth, the Structural Equation Modeling methodology was used to identify the properties of the internal structure of the latent construct. Finally, reliability and internal consistency were evaluated at both score and item levels. The following findings emerged. 13 items with inefficient response options were removed, and 24 were retained using the MSA. The latent structure of the latter was defined based on 21 items of five Accessibility Subscale dimensions. Its internal consistency reliability ranged between 0.67 and 0.81 (omega coefficients) and between 0.61 and 0.78 (alpha coefficients). Accordingly, this paper discusses the overall implications of using the Accessibility Subscale.

Exploración de facilitadores y barreras para implementar los roles ampliados de enfermería en México / Exploring facilitators and barriers to implementing expanded nursing roles in Mexico / Estudo de facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem no México

RESUMEN Objetivo. Explorar la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería respecto a los facilitadores y las barreras para la implementación de funciones ampliadas de enfermería en una entidad federativa de México. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico. Durante el 2022 se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres tipos de informantes: a) jefaturas estatales de enfermería, b) jefaturas jurisdiccionales de enfermería, y c) jefaturas de unidad de salud y personal de enfermería operativo (atención directa a pacientes). Resultados. Se identificaron los siguientes facilitadores: disposición de adopción de la estrategia (postura favorable de directivos y aceptabilidad del personal de enfermería), reorganización de funciones (simplificación de procesos y análisis de la situación de unidades de salud) y acceso a la capacitación y características del personal de enfermería (profesionalización, experiencia laboral y actitud favorable). Entre las barreras se encontraron: contexto del primer nivel de atención (falta de personal, exceso de actividades administrativas, falta de espacio físico, carencia de material, insumos y consumibles), resistencia al cambio (celo profesional por otras disciplinas y duplicidad de tareas), salarios del personal, falta de actualización, poca confianza para el incremento de funciones y actitud de los pacientes (resistencia a la atención por enfermería). Conclusiones. Comprender la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería permite identificar elementos clave para la ampliación exitosa de las funciones de enfermería a partir de la expansión de competencias laborales del personal operativo; será necesaria una reorganización y una gestión adecuada en los diferentes niveles de toma de decisiones.

ABSTRACT Objective. To explore the perceptions of nursing professionals regarding facilitators and barriers to the implementation of expanded nursing functions in a state in central Mexico. Methods. Qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. During 2022, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three types of informants: a) head nurses at state-level facilities; b) head nurses at local-level facilities; and c) heads of health units and operational nursing staff who have direct contact with patients. Results. The following facilitators were identified: willingness to adopt the strategy (seen as favorable by managers and acceptable by nursing staff); reorganization of functions (simplification of processes and analysis of the situation of health units); access to training; and characteristics of nursing staff (professionalization, work experience, and favorable attitude). Barriers included: conditions at the first level of care (personnel shortages, too many administrative activities, lack of physical space, materials, supplies, and consumables), resistance to change (professional jealousy of other disciplines and duplication of tasks), staff salaries, lack of training, not trusted with expanded duties, and attitude of patients (resistance to nursing care). Conclusions. By understanding the perceptions of nursing professionals, we can identify key elements for the successful expansion of nursing functions through expansion of the competencies of operational staff. Reorganization and proper management at different levels of decision-making will be necessary.

RESUMO Objetivo. Explorar as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem em um estado do México. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo descritivo com abordagem fenomenológica. Em 2022, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com três tipos de informantes: a) chefes estaduais de enfermagem; b) chefes jurisdicionais de enfermagem; e c) chefes de unidades de saúde e profissionais de enfermagem que fazem atendimento direto aos pacientes. Resultados. Os seguintes facilitadores foram identificados: disposição para adotar a estratégia (atitude favorável dos gerentes e aceitação da equipe de enfermagem), reorganização das funções (simplificação dos processos e análise da situação das unidades de saúde) e acesso a capacitação e características da equipe de enfermagem (profissionalização, experiência de trabalho e atitude favorável). As barreiras encontradas incluem: contexto do primeiro nível de atenção (falta de pessoal, excesso de atividades administrativas, falta de espaço físico, falta de materiais, insumos e consumíveis), resistência à mudança (zelo profissional de outras disciplinas e duplicação de tarefas), salários do pessoal, falta de atualização, pouca confiança na expansão das funções e atitude dos pacientes (resistência ao atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusões. Entender as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem permite a identificação de elementos-chave para a expansão bem-sucedida das funções de enfermagem por meio da expansão das competências de trabalho dos profissionais que atendem pacientes; serão necessários reorganização e gerenciamento adequado nos diferentes níveis de tomada de decisão.

Calidad en el servicio de alimentación de Casas de la niñez indígena, México: Estudio de caso

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas es el organismo mexicano encargado de brindar alimentación, además de hospedaje a niñas y niños que provienen de localidades indígenas que no cuentan con acceso educativo en sus lugares de origen, a través de albergues denominados "Casas de la niñez indígena". En 2019 se llevó a cabo el presente estudio, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la calidad del servicio de alimentación otorgado en un albergue del Estado de México, entidad cercana a la Ciudad de México. La calidad se estudió desde una perspectiva multidimensional, por lo que se examinaron tres elementos: la estructura, los procesos y los resultados. Para verificar el cumplimiento de la estructura y los procesos se aplicaron dos listas de cotejo y se establecieron porcentajes de cumplimiento, en el caso de la dimensión resultados se evaluó la aceptabilidad del servicio, a través de la aplicación de 42 cuestionarios a usuarios de 8 a 19 años de edad, cada respuesta del cuestionario obtuvo un puntaje promedio categorizado en rechazo o aceptación del servicio. La estructura del servicio mostró un cumplimiento alto de la calidad (85,7% de cumplimiento), los procesos obtuvieron un cumplimiento medio de la calidad (64,4% de cumplimiento) y la dimensión resultados demostró baja aceptabilidad del servicio respecto a la cantidad de comida servida. Ante el bajo cumplimiento de la calidad en algunos procesos se recomendó la implementación de herramientas e indicadores de calidad para identificar problemáticas y garantizar la inocuidad, además de la calidad del servicio.

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Indigenous People is a Mexican institution in charge of providing food and lodging for indigenous children living in rural areas. These services were provided in shelters known as "Casas de la niñez indígena". In 2019, we carried out this research with the objective of analyzing the quality of the food service provided in a shelter near Mexico City. Quality was analyzed from a multidimensional perspective, we studied three elements: structure, processes and results. The structure and processes were evaluated through checklists and compliance percentages. Results focused on evaluating the acceptability of the service through the application of 42 questionnaires to users from 8 to 19 years of age. Answers were analyzed through an average score categorized in rejection or acceptance of the service. Structure demonstrated high-quality compliance (85.7%), medium quality compliance (64.4%) for processes and the results dimension showed little acceptance to the amount of food served. The implementation of quality tools and indicators were recommended to identify problems in the processes and to guarantee food safety and quality of service.

Content Validity of a Scale Designed to Measure the Access of Older Adults to Outpatient Health Services.

The objective of this work was to validate the content of a scale formulated in Spanish for older adults in Mexico, with the aim of comprehensively measuring the access of this population group to outpatient primary-care services. To this end, we carried out a methodological content-validity study in four stages: (1) construction of the scale; (2) evaluation of item legibility; (3) quantitative content evaluation by two groups of judges selected by convenience: participant-judges including older adults with adequate reading comprehension, surveyed in person (n = 23), and expert-judges comprised of researchers specialized in the fields of health services, psychometrics and aging, surveyed online (n = 7); and (4) collection of qualitative feedback from several of the participant-judges (older adults, n = 4). The content was validated both by sequentially examining the level of consensus in the responses of both groups of judges, using the Tastle and Wierman method, and by calculating Aiken's Validity Coefficient with a 90% confidence interval. The scale contained 65 items pertaining to 10 dimensions of two major constructs: accessibility (n = 39) and personal abilities (n = 26). Five items were eliminated in accordance with the minimum-consensus criterion (0.5). This is the first psychometric scale to be developed in Mexico with the view of integrating the characteristics of health-care services and the abilities of the older adults in a single questionnaire designed to measure the access of this population group to outpatient primary-care services.

Health Needs Assessment: Chronic Kidney Disease Secondary to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Population without Social Security, Mexico 2016-2032.

Health needs assessment is a relevant tracer of planning process of healthcare programs. The objective is to assess the health needs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) in a population without social security in Mexico. The study design was a statistical simulation model based on data at the national level of Mexico. A stochastic Markov model was used to simulate the progression from diabetes to CKD. The time horizon was 16 years. The results indicate that in 2022, kidney damage progression and affectation in the diabetic patient cohort will be 34.15% based on the time since T2 DM diagnosis. At the end of the 16-year period, assuming that the model of care remains unchanged, early renal involvement will affect slightly more than twice as many patients (118%) and cases with macroalbuminuria will triple (228%). The need for renal replacement therapy will more than double (169%). Meanwhile, deaths associated with cardiovascular risk will more than triple (284%). We concluded that the clinical manifestations of patients with CKD secondary to T2 DM without social security constitute a double challenge. The first refers to the fact that the greatest health need is early care of CKD, and the second is the urgent need to address cardiovascular risk in order to reduce deaths in the population at risk.

Local health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from Mexico.

The concept of resilience was applied to the public health field to investigate the way health systems are impacted by health crises, what conditions allow them to mitigate the blow and how they reorganize once the crisis is over. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus represented a global challenge demanding immediate response to an unprecedented health crisis. Various voices drew attention to the intensity of the crisis in countries with greater inequalities, where the pandemic converged with other social emergencies. We documented the experiences of health personnel who faced the pandemic at the primary care level while simultaneously maintaining the functioning of other areas of medical care. Our results derived from a qualitative study comprising 103 participants from five states of Mexico. We aimed to show through inferential analysis their perspective on what we call 'the resilience of local health systems'. We observed three stages of experience during the crisis: (a) Preparation (official guidelines received to organize care, training and planning of epidemiological surveillance); (b) Adaptation (performance of community-based prevention activities, infrastructure modifications, telehealth); and (c) Learning (participatory governance with city councils, business sector and organized population). The study suggests that the local health systems analysed benefited from the initiatives of health personnel that in some cases positively exceeded their duties. In terms of the resilience analysis, they were able to handle the impact of the crisis and cope with it. Their transformative capacity came from the strategies implemented to adapt health services by managing institutional resources. Their experience represents a lesson on the strengthening of the essential functions of health systems and shows a way to address successfully the increasingly complex health challenges of the present and future times.

[Job conditions and precarious work among Mexican physicians: an analysis based on a national survey]. / Condiciones de empleo y precariedad laboral de los médicos de México: análisis basado en una encuesta nacional.

The study aimed to describe the socioeconomic characteristics and job conditions of medical personnel in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional study based on the Mexican National Occupational and Employment Survey (ENOE) for all four quarters of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. We included all physicians who had concluded their university training. The variable "cumulative precarious labor" was constructed as the sum of five binary variables related to minimum wage, workweek, and lack of employment contract, job security, and labor benefits. Using this unweighted sum, we classified their labor conditions as absence of (0) or low (1), medium (2 to 3), or high (4 to 5) precarious labor. In the public sector, 13.4% and 3.3% of physicians were engaged in medium or high precarious labor, respectively; the percentages were higher in the private sector, with 38.5% and 7.7% (p < 0.01), respectively, due mainly to the lack of formal contracts and medical insurance. These conditions were exacerbated in women working in medical offices in private-sector companies, where 75.2% and 6% worked in medium or high precarious conditions, respectively, while the proportions in men were 15.6% and 7.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). Precarious labor exists in the Mexican health sector; labor conditions for physicians are more precious in the private sector than in the public sector, especially in private-sector offices where female physicians are more exposed to precarious employment.

El objetivo fue describir las características socioeconómicas y condiciones de empleo del personal médico en México. Estudio transversal con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) de México, de los 4 trimestres de 2019 y el primer trimestre de 2020. Incluimos a todos los médicos con estudios universitarios concluidos. La variable precariedad laboral acumulada fue construida como la suma de cinco variables binarias relacionadas con el salario mínimo, jornada laboral, carencias de contrato, de seguridad y de prestaciones sociales. Con esta suma no ponderada, clasificamos las condiciones laborales en baja (1), media (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), y ausencia de precariedad laboral (0). En el sector público, 13,4% y 3,3% de los médicos tienen precariedad laboral media y alta, respectivamente; los porcentajes son mayores en el sector privado, 38,5% y 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, debido principalmente a las carencias de contrato escrito y seguro médico. Estas condiciones se exacerban en las mujeres que trabajan en los consultorios médicos de las empresas del sector privado donde 75,2% y 6% de ellas tienen precariedad media y alta, respectivamente, mientras que en los hombres los porcentajes son 15,6 y 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedad laboral en el sector salud mexicano; las condiciones laborales de los médicos del sector privado son más precarias que en el sector público, particularmente en los consultorios del sector privado, donde las mujeres están más expuestas a empleos precarios.

O objetivo era descrever as características socioeconômicas e as condições de emprego dos médicos no México. Estudo transversal com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Ocupação e Emprego (ENOE) do México, nos quatro trimestres de 2019 e no primeiro trimestre de 2020. Incluímos todos os médicos com estudos universitários concluídos. A variável da precariedade laboral acumulada foi construída como a soma de cinco variáveis binárias relacionadas com o piso salarial, a jornada de trabalho, a falta de contrato, segurança e benefícios sociais. Com esta soma não ponderada, classificamos as condições de trabalho em baixa (1), média (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), e ausência de precariedade laboral (0). No setor público, 13,4% e 3,3% dos médicos estão em situação de precariedade laboral média e alta, respectivamente; os percentuais são mais elevados no setor privado, com 38,5% e 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, devido principalmente à inexistência de contrato escrito e de seguro médico. Estas condições se agravam para as mulheres que trabalham nos consultórios médicos das empresas do setor privado, onde 75,2% e 6% delas sofrem precariedade média e alta, respectivamente, ao passo que para os homens, os percentuais são de 15,6% e 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedade laboral no setor da saúde mexicano; as condições de trabalho dos médicos do setor privado são mais precárias do que no setor público, em especial, nos consultórios do setor privado onde as mulheres estão mais expostas a empregos precários.

How do diverse low-income and middle-income countries implement primary healthcare team integration to support the delivery of comprehensive primary health care? A mixed-methods study protocol from India, Mexico and Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: Attainment of universal health coverage is feasible via strengthened primary health systems that are comprehensive, accessible, people-centred, continuous and coordinated. Having an adequately trained, motivated and equipped primary healthcare workforce is central to the provision of comprehensive primary healthcare (CPHC). This study aims to understand PHC team integration, composition and organisation in the delivery of CPHC in India, Mexico and Uganda. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A parallel, mixed-methods study (integration of quantitative and qualitative results) will be conducted to gain an understanding of PHC teams. Methods include: (1) Policy review on PHC team composition, organisation and expected comprehensiveness of PHC services, (2) PHC facility review using the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment, and (3) PHC key informant interviews. Data will be collected from 20, 10 and 10 PHCs in India, Mexico and Uganda, respectively, and analysed using descriptive methods and thematic analysis approach. Outcomes will include an in-depth understanding of the health policies for PHC as well as understanding PHC team composition, organisation and the delivery of comprehensive PHC. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approvals have been sought from the Institutional Ethics Committee of The George Institute for Global Health, India for the Indian sites, School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee at Makerere University for the sites in Uganda and the Research, Ethics and Biosecurity Committees of the Mexican National Institute of Public Health for the sites in Mexico. Results will be shared through presentations with governments, publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences.

Condiciones de empleo y precariedad laboral de los médicos de México: análisis basado en una encuesta nacional / Job conditions and precarious work among Mexican physicians: an analysis based on a national survey / Condições de emprego e precariedade laboral dos médicos do México: análise baseada em pesquisa nacional

El objetivo fue describir las características socioeconómicas y condiciones de empleo del personal médico en México. Estudio transversal con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) de México, de los 4 trimestres de 2019 y el primer trimestre de 2020. Incluimos a todos los médicos con estudios universitarios concluidos. La variable precariedad laboral acumulada fue construida como la suma de cinco variables binarias relacionadas con el salario mínimo, jornada laboral, carencias de contrato, de seguridad y de prestaciones sociales. Con esta suma no ponderada, clasificamos las condiciones laborales en baja (1), media (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), y ausencia de precariedad laboral (0). En el sector público, 13,4% y 3,3% de los médicos tienen precariedad laboral media y alta, respectivamente; los porcentajes son mayores en el sector privado, 38,5% y 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, debido principalmente a las carencias de contrato escrito y seguro médico. Estas condiciones se exacerban en las mujeres que trabajan en los consultorios médicos de las empresas del sector privado donde 75,2% y 6% de ellas tienen precariedad media y alta, respectivamente, mientras que en los hombres los porcentajes son 15,6 y 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedad laboral en el sector salud mexicano; las condiciones laborales de los médicos del sector privado son más precarias que en el sector público, particularmente en los consultorios del sector privado, donde las mujeres están más expuestas a empleos precarios.

The study aimed to describe the socioeconomic characteristics and job conditions of medical personnel in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional study based on the Mexican National Occupational and Employment Survey (ENOE) for all four quarters of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. We included all physicians who had concluded their university training. The variable "cumulative precarious labor" was constructed as the sum of five binary variables related to minimum wage, workweek, and lack of employment contract, job security, and labor benefits. Using this unweighted sum, we classified their labor conditions as absence of (0) or low (1), medium (2 to 3), or high (4 to 5) precarious labor. In the public sector, 13.4% and 3.3% of physicians were engaged in medium or high precarious labor, respectively; the percentages were higher in the private sector, with 38.5% and 7.7% (p < 0.01), respectively, due mainly to the lack of formal contracts and medical insurance. These conditions were exacerbated in women working in medical offices in private-sector companies, where 75.2% and 6% worked in medium or high precarious conditions, respectively, while the proportions in men were 15.6% and 7.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). Precarious labor exists in the Mexican health sector; labor conditions for physicians are more precious in the private sector than in the public sector, especially in private-sector offices where female physicians are more exposed to precarious employment.

O objetivo era descrever as características socioeconômicas e as condições de emprego dos médicos no México. Estudo transversal com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Ocupação e Emprego (ENOE) do México, nos quatro trimestres de 2019 e no primeiro trimestre de 2020. Incluímos todos os médicos com estudos universitários concluídos. A variável da precariedade laboral acumulada foi construída como a soma de cinco variáveis binárias relacionadas com o piso salarial, a jornada de trabalho, a falta de contrato, segurança e benefícios sociais. Com esta soma não ponderada, classificamos as condições de trabalho em baixa (1), média (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), e ausência de precariedade laboral (0). No setor público, 13,4% e 3,3% dos médicos estão em situação de precariedade laboral média e alta, respectivamente; os percentuais são mais elevados no setor privado, com 38,5% e 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, devido principalmente à inexistência de contrato escrito e de seguro médico. Estas condições se agravam para as mulheres que trabalham nos consultórios médicos das empresas do setor privado, onde 75,2% e 6% delas sofrem precariedade média e alta, respectivamente, ao passo que para os homens, os percentuais são de 15,6% e 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedade laboral no setor da saúde mexicano; as condições de trabalho dos médicos do setor privado são mais precárias do que no setor público, em especial, nos consultórios do setor privado onde as mulheres estão mais expostas a empregos precários.

Sedentarismo laboral en distintos contextos ocupacionales en México: prevalencia y factores asociados / Sedentary work in different occupational contexts in Mexico: prevalence and associated factors

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de sedentarismo laboral en diferentes contextos ocupacionales y estimar los factores asociados de acuerdo con el sector de actividad económica. Material y métodos: Análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE); se identificó la ocupación y se clasificó en cuatro categorías. La variable dependiente fue el sedentarismo laboral; las variables independientes fueron sexo, edad, escolaridad, ingreso, zona de residencia urbana del trabajador, formalidad laboral y región socioeconómica. Los factores asociados se estimaron mediante regresión logística múltiple por sector de actividad económica. Resultados: La mayor prevalencia del sedentarismo laboral se encontró en el sector de servicios (43%, IC95%: 42.3-43.6). Los factores asociados fueron nivel de estudios superior, mayores ingresos, ser mujer y trabajar en el sector formal. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sedentarismo laboral es alta en sectores productivos estratégicos, por lo que es necesario considerar los factores de riesgo identificados en este trabajo para establecer estrategias de mitigación.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of sedentary work in different occupational contexts and to estimate the associated factors to economic activity sector. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the Occupation and Employment National Survey (ENOE, in Spanish) was conducted. Occupation was classified into four categories. Sedentary work was the dependent variable; the independent variables were sex, age, education, income, inhabitant of urban area, work formality and socioeconomic region. The associated factors were estimated using multiple logistic regression by economic activity sector. Results: The highest prevalence of sedentary work was found in services sector (43%, 95%CI= 42.3-43.6). The associated factors were college degree, higher income, being a woman and working in the formal sector. Conclusions: Sedentary work has a high prevalence in strategic productive sectors. It is necessary to consider the risk factors identified here to establish mitigation strategies.

Out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenses in households of patients with schizophrenia lacking social security / Gastos de bolsillo y catastróficos en hogares de pacientes con esquizofrenia sin seguridad social

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) and catastrophic health expenses as well as impoverishment experienced by households of schizophrenia patients lacking social security coverage. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 96 individuals treated outpatient consultation between February and December 2018, in a psychiatric hospital. Results: All households sustained OOP health expenses; the median was 510 USD (95%CI: 456-628). The OOP expenses represented 28 and 4% of the capacity to pay of poor and rich households, respectively. The 16% of households incurred catastrophic expenses and 6.6% have impoverishment for health reasons. Conclusions: Our results illustrate that pocket expenses and catastrophic expenses in patients with schizophrenia are higher than those reported for the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the financial protection policies aimed at patients with schizophrenia and their households.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la magnitud del gasto de bolsillo y catastrófico en salud, así como el empobrecimiento experimentado por hogares de pacientes con esquizofrenia que carecen de cobertura en seguridad social. Material y métodos: Se hizo un estudio transversal de 96 pacientes tratados en consulta externa entre febrero y diciembre de 2018, en un hospital psiquiátrico. Resultados: Todos los hogares soportaron gastos de bolsillo (GB), la mediana fue 510 USD (IC95%: 456-628). Los GB representan 28 y 4% de la capacidad de pago de los hogares pobres y ricos respectivamente. El 16% de los hogares incurrió en gastos catastróficos y 6.6% tiene empobrecimiento por motivos de salud. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los gastos de bolsillo y gastos catastróficos en pacientes con esquizofrenia son mayores que los reportados para población general, por lo que es necesario repensar las políticas de protección financiera dirigidas a pacientes con esquizofrenia y sus hogares.

Out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenses in households of patients with schizophrenia lacking social security

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) and catastrophic health expenses as well as impoverishment experienced by households of schizophrenia patients lacking social security coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 96 individuals treated in outpatient consultation between February and December 2018 in a psychiatric hospital. RESULTS: All households sustained OOP health expenses; the median was 510 USD (95%CI: 456-628). The OOP expenses represented 28 and 4% of the capacity to pay in poor and rich households, respectively. 16% of households incurred catastrophic expenses and 6.6% have impoverishment for health reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate that pocket expenses and catastrophic expenses in patients with schizophrenia are higher than those reported for the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the financial protection policies aimed at patients with schizophrenia and their households.